Bussard noted that the meaning of lump shifted from being a person dressed in rags in the 17th century to knavery in the 19th century. Hal Draper argued that the root is lump ("knave"), not lumpen. It is composed of the German word Lumpen, which is usually translated as "ragged" and prolétariat, a French word adopted as a common Marxist term for the class of wage earners in a capitalist system. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels are generally considered to have coined the term Lumpenproletariat. 3.4 Views on its revolutionary potential.Some radical groups, most notably the Black Panther Party and the Young Lords, have sought to mobilize the Lumpenproletariat. However, what some consider to be its vagueness and its history as a term of abuse has led to some criticism. The word Lumpenproletariat, popularized in the West by Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth in the 1960s, has been adopted as a sociological term. Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924) and Leon Trotsky (1879–1940) followed Marx's arguments and dismissed the revolutionary potential of the group, while Mao Zedong (1893–1976) argued that proper leadership could utilize it. The Social Democratic Party of Germany made wide use of the term by the turn of the century. Among other groups, criminals, vagabonds, and prostitutes are usually included in this category. They dismissed the revolutionary potential of the Lumpenproletariat and contrasted it with the proletariat. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels coined the word in the 1840s and used it to refer to the unthinking lower strata of society exploited by reactionary and counter-revolutionary forces, particularly in the context of the revolutions of 1848. Lumpenproletariat ( / ˌ l ʌ m p ə n p r oʊ l ɪ ˈ t ɛər i ə t/) refers – primarily in Marxist theory – to the underclass devoid of class consciousness.
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